The conditionally essential LCPUFA which is forgotten: DHA and veganism is so wrong on this issue!

"Omega-3 Index status >8% correlates positively with brain structure, function and health​

Across multiple studies, the Omega-3 Index correlates positively with better brain structure, function and health:

• In a study of individuals aged 67 years on average, who were free of clinical dementia, total brain volume correlated with Omega-3 Index, as did cognitive functions like visual memory, executive function, and abstract thinking (15).
• In a study of females aged 65 years or older and free of dementia the Omega-3 Index correlated with total brain volume measured 8 years later (16). Also, the progression to dementia was much less likely and occurred later in life in those with a higher Omega-3 Index (14).
• In younger individuals the Omega-3 Index correlated with executive function and cognitive flexibility (17, 18) while in the oldest individuals yet studied, aged >88 years, cognitive impairment was four times more likely with a mean Omega-3 Index below, 8% (11).
• A recent meta-analysis also identified low levels of EPA & DHA as a risk factor for cognitive impairment (19,20).

At all ages studied therefore, there is robust support for an Omega-3 Index target range of 8-11% for optimal brain structure, function and health. "

1. Blasbalg TL, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE, Majchrzak SF, Rawlings RR. Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:950-62

2. Sprague M, Dick JR, Tocher DR. Impact of sustainable feeds on omega-3 long-chain fatty acid levels in farmed Atlantic salmon, 2006-2015. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21892.

3. von Schacky C. w-3 Fettsäuren und Hirnfunktion. Orthomol Med 2016;2:6-10

4. Amen DG, Harris WS, Kidd PM, Meysami S, Raji CA. Quantitative Erythrocyte Omega-3 EPA Plus DHA Levels are Related to Higher Regional Cerebral Blood Flow on Brain SPECT. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58:1189-1199

5. Joris PJ, Mensink RP, Adam TC, Liu TT. Cerebral Blood Flow Measurements in Adults: A Review on the Effects of Dietary Factors and Exercise. Nutrients. 2018;10. pii: E530.

6. Schwarz C, Wirth M, Gerischer L, et al. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Resting Cerebral Perfusion in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2018;5:26-30.

7. Setiawan E, Wilson AA, Mizrahi R, et al. Role of translocator protein density, a marker of neuroinflammation, in the brain during major depressive episodes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:268-75

8. Calder PC. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochem Soc Trans. 2017;45:1105-1115.

9. Schuchardt JP, Hahn A. Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2013;89:1-8.

10. Davidson MH, Johnson J, Rooney MW, Kyle ML, Kling DF. A novel omega-3 free fatty acid formulation has dramatically improved bioavailability during a low-fat diet compared with omega-3-acid ethyl esters: the ECLIPSE (Epanova(®) compared to Lovaza(®) in a pharmacokinetic single-dose evaluation) study. J Clin Lipidol. 2012;6:573-84.

11. Dyerberg J, Madsen P, Møller JM, Aardestrup I, Schmidt EB. Bioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2010;83:137-41.

12. Harris WS and von Schacky C. The Omega-3 Index: A New Risk Factor for Death from CHD? Preventive Medicine 2004;39:212-20.

13. Lukaschek K, von Schacky C, Kruse J, Ladwig K. Cognitive impairment is associated with low Omega-3 Index in the elderly. Results from the KORA-Age study. Dementia Geriatr Cogn Dis 2016;42:236-45

14. Ammann EM, Pottala JV, Robinson JG, Espeland MA, Harris WS. Erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acids are inversely associated with incident dementia: Secondary analyses of longitudinal data from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS). Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2017;121:68-75

15. Tan ZS, Harris WS, Beiser AS, et al. Red Blood Cell Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Markers of Accelerated Brain Aging. Neurology 2012;78:658-64

16. Pottala JV, Yaffe K, Robinson J, Espeland MA, Wallace R, Harris WS. Higher RBC EPA+DHA corresponds with larger total brain and hippocampal volumes: WHIMS-MRI study. Neurology 2014;82:435-42

17. Johnston DT, Deuster PA, Harris WS, Macrae H, Dretsch MN. Red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid levels and neurocognitive performance in deployed U.S. Servicemembers. Nutr Neurosci. 2013;16:30-8

18. Bigornia SJ, Scott TM, Harris WS, Tucker KLs. Prospective Associations of Erythrocyte Composition and Dietary Intake of n-3 and n-6 PUFA with Measures of Cognitive Function. Nutrients 2018;10,1253

19. Lin PY, Chiu CC, Huang SY, Su KP. A meta-analytic review of polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions in dementia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73:1245-54

20. Coley N, Raman R, Donohue MC, Aisen PS, Vellas B, Andrieu S. Defining the Optimal Target Population for Trials of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Using the Erythrocyte Omega-3 Index: A Step Towards Personalized Prevention of Cognitive Decline? J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22:982-998

21. West, A. L., Kindberg, G. M., Hustvedt, S. O. & Calder, P. C. A Novel Self-Micro-Emulsifying Delivery System Enhances Enrichment of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid after Single and Repeated Dosing in Healthy Adults in a Randomized Trial. The Journal of Nutrition (2018). doi:10.1093/jn/nxy127

22.       Qin, Y., Nyheim, H., Haram, E. M., Moritz, J. M. & Hustvedt, S. O. A novel self-micro-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDS) formulation significantly improves the fasting absorption of EPA and DHA from a single dose of an omega-3 ethyl ester concentrate. Lipids Health Dis. 16, 204 (2017).

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