Vitamins K: the Rotterdam study

Dietary Intake of Menaquinone Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Rotterdam Study

TABLE 2

Association of coronary events and all-cause mortality with intake of phylloquinone in 4807 Dutch men and women aged 55 y and over¹

	Energy-adjusted phylloquinone intake (μg/d)			P for trend
	<200 th="">	200–278	>278
n	1588	1608	1611
Median intake, μg/d	154.6	236.5	336.9
Nonfatal MI
Person-years	11323	11556	11766
Events, n	48	56	40
RR, model 12	1	1.19 (0.81, 1.75)	0.86 (0.56, 1.30)	0.44
RR, model 23	1	1.14 (0.77, 1.70)	0.84 (0.54, 1.31)	0.42
Incident CHD4
Person-years	11323	11556	11766
Events, n	82	81	70
RR, model 1	1	1.01 (0.74, 1.38)	0.89 (0.64, 1.22)	0.45
RR, model 2	1	1.00 (0.73, 1.37)	0.89 (0.63, 1.25)	0.48
CHD mortality5
Person-years	11502	11764	11880
Events, n	36	30	33
RR, model 1	1	0.86 (0.53, 1.40)	0.98 (0.67, 1.57)	0.94
RR, model 2	1	0.90 (0.55, 1.48)	1.02 (0.61, 1.69)	0.93
All-cause mortality
Person-years	11502	11764	11880
Events, n	246	240	215
RR, model 1	1	0.98 (0.82, 1.17)	0.91 (0.75, 1.09)	0.28
RR, model 2	1	1.02 (0.85, 1.23)	0.94 (0.77, 1.14)	0.53

• ¹ RR obtained by Cox proportional hazard analysis, with 95% CI in parentheses and P for linear trend across the tertiles.
• ² Model includes age, gender, and total energy intake.
• ³ Model includes age, gender, total energy intake, BMI, smoking status, pack-years of cigarette smoking, diabetes, education (3 categories), and intake of alcohol, SFA, PUFA, flavonols (quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol), and calcium.
• ⁴ CHD comprises fatal and nonfatal MI, sudden cardiac death, and other forms of acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (ICD-10 codes I20–I25 and I46).
• ⁵ CHD events followed by death within 28 d after the onset of symptoms.

Dietary Intake of Menaquinone Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Rotterdam Study

TABLE 3

Association of coronary events and all-cause mortality with intake of menaquinone in 4807 Dutch men and women aged 55 y and over¹

	Energy-adjusted menaquinone intake (μg/d)			P for trend
	<21 .6="" th="">	21.6–32.7	>32.7
n	1578	1605	1624
Median intake, μg/d	15.1	26.9	40.9
Nonfatal MI
Person-years	11181	11549	11915
Events, n	51	57	36
RR, model 12	1	1.15 (0.79, 1.69)	0.74 (0.48, 1.14)	0.18
RR, model 23	1	1.08 (0.73, 1.62)	0.67 (0.41, 1.09)	0.12
Incident CHD4
Person-years	11323	11556	11766
Events, n	86	89	58
RR, model 1	1	1.05 (0.78, 1.42)	0.71 (0.51, 1.00)	0.048
RR, model 2	1	0.96 (0.70, 1.31)	0.59 (0.40, 0.86)	0.007
CHD mortality5
Person-years	11356	11747	12043
Events, n	41	35	23
RR, model 1	1	0.84 (0.54, 1.33)	0.59 (0.35, 0.99)	0.045
RR, model 2	1	0.73 (0.45, 1.17)	0.43 (0.24, 0.77)	0.005
All-cause mortality
Person-years	11356	11747	12043
Events, n	258	248	195
RR, model 1	1	0.97 (0.82, 1.16)	0.81 (0.67, 0.98)	0.030
RR, model 2	1	0.91 (0.75, 1.09)	0.74 (0.59, 0.92)	0.007

• ¹ RR obtained by Cox proportional hazard analysis, with 95% CI in parentheses and P for linear trend across the tertiles.
• ² Model includes age, gender, and total energy intake.
• ³ Model includes age, gender, total energy intake, BMI, smoking status, pack-years of cigarette smoking, diabetes, education (3 categories), and intake of alcohol, SFA, PUFA, flavonols (quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol), and calcium.
• ⁴ CHD comprises fatal and nonfatal MI, sudden cardiac death, and other forms of acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (ICD-10 codes I20–I25 and I46).
• ⁵ CHD events followed by death within 28 d after the onset of symptoms.

Dietary Intake of Menaquinone Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Rotterdam Study

TABLE 4

Association of aortic calcification with intake of menaquinone in 4473 Dutch men and women aged 55 y and over^{,1, 2}

	Energy-adjusted menaquinone intake (μg/d)			P for trend
	<21 .6="" th="">	21.6–32.7	>32.7
n	1468	1493	1512
Median intake, μg/d	15.1	26.9	40.9
Moderate calcification
Controls, n	916	958	1000
Cases, n	454	452	453
OR, model 13	1	0.93 (0.79, 1.10)	0.94 (0.80, 1.11)	0.49
OR, model 24	1	0.91 (0.77, 1.09)	0.93 (0.76, 1.12)	0.45
Severe calcification
Controls, n	916	958	1000
Cases, n	98	83	59
OR, model 1	1	0.75 (0.54, 1.03)	0.56 (0.39, 0.80)	0.001
OR, model 2	1	0.71 (0.50, 1.00)	0.48 (0.32, 0.71)	<0 .001="" td="">

• ¹ Aortic calcification was graded according to the length of the calcified area, i.e., no/mild (reference), ≤1 cm; moderate, >1 and <5 cm.="" cm="" p="" severe="">
• ² OR obtained by multivariate logistic regression, with 95% CI in parentheses and P for linear trend across the tertiles.
• ³ Model includes age, gender, and total energy intake.
• ⁴ Model includes age, gender, total energy intake, BMI, smoking status, pack-years of cigarette smoking, diabetes, education (3 categories), and intake of alcohol, SFA, PUFA, flavonols (quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol), and calcium.

http://jn.nutrition.org/content/134/11/3100.full